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Antenna & Wave PropagationMUF

Under the simple flat-Earth secant-law approximation, MUF is related to critical frequency fc and incidence angle i measured from the vertical by?

  • AMUF = fc sec i
  • BMUF = fc cos i
  • CMUF = fc sin i
  • DMUF = fc tan i
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Correct Answer: A. MUF = fc sec i
Explanation: The secant law gives MUF≈fc sec i for idealized ionospheric propagation.
Reference: Standard antenna and wave propagation: muf
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